La Isabela, Columbuss First Colony in the Americas

La Isabela is the name of the first European town established in the Americas. La Isabela was settled by Christopher Columbus and 1,500 others in 1494 AD, on the northern coast of the island of Hispaniola, in what is now the Dominican Republic in the Caribbean Sea. La Isabela was the first European town, but it was not the first colony in the New World--that was LAnse aux Meadows, established by Norse colonists in Canada nearly 500 years earlier: both of these early colonies were abject failures. History of La Isabela In 1494, the Italian-born, Spanish-financed explorer Christopher Columbus was on his second voyage to the American continents, landing in Hispaniola with a group of 1,500 settlers. The primary purpose of the expedition was to establish a colony, a foothold in the Americas for Spain to begin its conquest. But Columbus was also there to discover sources of precious metals. There on the north shore of Hispaniola, they established the first European town in the New World, called La Isabela after Queen Isabella of Spain, who supported his voyage financially and politically. For an early colony, La Isabela was a fairly substantial settlement. The settlers quickly built several buildings, including a palace/citadel for Columbus to live in; a fortified storehouse (alhondiga) to store their material goods; several stone buildings for various purposes; and a European-style plaza. There is also evidence for several locations associated with silver and iron ore processing. Silver Ore Processing The silver processing operations at La Isabela involved the use of European galena, an ore of lead probably imported from ore fields in the Los Pedroches-Alcudia or Linares-La Carolina valleys of Spain. The purpose of the exportation of lead galena from Spain to the new colony is believed to have been to assay the percentage of gold and silver ore in artifacts stolen from the indigenous people of the New World. Later, it was used in a failed attempt to smelt iron ore. Artifacts associated with ore assay discovered at the site included 58 triangular graphite-tempered assaying crucibles, a kilogram (2.2 pounds) of liquid mercury, a concentration of about 90 kg (200 lbs) of galena, and several deposits of metallurgical slag, mostly concentrated near or within the fortified storehouse. Adjacent to the slag concentration was a small fire pit, believed to represent a furnace used to process the metal. Evidence for Scurvy Because historical records indicate that the colony was a failure, Tiesler and colleagues investigated the physical evidence of the conditions of the colonists, using macroscopic and histological (blood) evidence on the skeletons excavated from a contact-era cemetery. A total of 48 individuals were buried in La Isabelas church cemetery. Skeletal preservation was variable, and the researchers could only determine that at least 33 of the 48 were men and three were women. Children and adolescents were among the individuals, but there was no one older than 50 at the time of death. Among the 27 skeletons with adequate preservation, 20 exhibited lesions likely to have been caused by severe adult scurvy, a disease caused by a sustained lack of vitamin C and common to seafarers before the 18th century. Scurvy is reported to have caused 80% of all deaths during long sea voyages in the 16th and 17th centuries. Surviving reports of the colonists intense fatigue and physical exhaustion on and after arrival are clinical manifestations of scurvy. There were sources of vitamin C on Hispaniola, but the men  were not familiar enough with the local environment to pursue them, and instead relied on infrequent shipments from Spain to meet their dietary demands, shipments that did not include fruit. The Indigenous People At least two indigenous communities were located in the northwestern Dominican Republic where Columbus and his crew established La Isabela, known as the La Luperona and El Flaco archaeological sites. Both of these sites were occupied between the 3rd and 15th centuries, and have been the focus of archaeological investigations since 2013. The prehispanic people in the Caribbean region at the time of Columbuss landing were horticulturalists, who combined slash and burn land clearance and house gardens holding domesticated and managed plants with substantive hunting, fishing, and gathering. According to historic documents, the relationship was not a good one. Based on all the evidence, historical and archaeological, the La Isabela colony was a flat-out disaster: the colonists did not find any extensive quantities of ores, and hurricanes, crop failures, disease, mutinies, and conflicts with the resident Taà ­no made life unbearable. Columbus himself was recalled to Spain in 1496, to account for the financial disasters of the expedition, and the town was abandoned in 1498. Archaeology of La Isabela Archaeological investigations at La Isabela have been conducted since the late 1980s by a team led by Kathleen Deagan and Josà © M. Cruxent of the Florida Museum of Natural History, at which web site much more detail is available. Interestingly, like at the earlier Viking settlement of Lanse aux Meadows, evidence at La Isabela suggests that the European residents may have failed in part because they were unwilling to fully adapt to local living conditions. Sources Deagan K. 1996. Colonial transformation: Euro-American cultural genesis in the early Spanish-American colonies. Journal of Anthropological Research 52(2):135-160.Deagan K, and Cruxent JM. 2002. Columbuss Outpost Among the Tainos: Spain and America at La Isabela, 1493-1498. New Haven: Yale University Press.Deagan K, and Cruxent JM. 2002. Archaeology at La Isabela, America’s First European Town. New Haven: Yale University Press.Laffoon JE, Hoogland MLP, Davies GR, and Hofman CL. 2016. Human dietary assessment in the Pre-colonial Lesser Antilles: New stable isotope evidence from Lavoutte, Saint Lucia. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 5:168-180.Thibodeau AM, Killick DJ, Ruiz J, Chesley JT, Deagan K, Cruxent JM, and Lyman W. 2007. The strange case of the earliest silver extraction by European colonists in the New World. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104(9):3663-3666.Tiesler V, Coppa A, Zabala P, and Cucina A. 2016. Scurvy-related Morbidity and Death amon g Christopher Columbus Crew at La Isabela, the First European Town in the New World (1494–1498): An Assessment of the Skeletal and Historical Information. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 26(2):191-202.Ting C, Neyt B, Ulloa Hung J, Hofman C, and Degryse P. 2016. The production of pre-Colonial ceramics in northwestern Hispaniola: A technological study of Meillacoid and Chicoid ceramics from La Luperona and El Flaco, Dominican Republic. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 6:376-385.VanderVeen JM. 2003. Review of Archaeology at La Isabela: Americas First European Town, and Columbuss Outpost among the Taino: Spain and America at La Isabela, 1494-1498. Latin American Antiquity 14(4):504-506.

The Ramifications Of Population Growth - 1136 Words

THE RAMIFICATIONS OF POPULATION GROWTH Global human population is mounting at an alarming rate. In fact, in the next fifteen years, it is expected to reach 8.5 billion. Even if a worldwide policy of two children per couple, instead of the current 2.8, were enacted tomorrow, the global population would continue to grow for about seventy years before stabilizing at about thirteen billion people (Pimentel, 155). The ramifications of such growth could be catastrophic. Overpopulation contributes to a multitude of problems such as the degradation of environmental quality, the depletion of natural resources, the spread of disease, and an escalation in crime and conflict. The sheer number of people leeching off of the earth undermines environmental quality. But beyond that is the fact that individuals are consuming more. According to Thomas Friedman’s book Hot, Flat, and Crowded, there is not only an increasing global population, but also a growing number of people demanding a middle class lifestyle. So not only do you have more people demanding resources, but you also have people demanding more resources. Friedman blames this phenomenon for the rise in global temperatures (Friedman, 8). Human life puts a massive strain on natural resources. Consider food production, alone. The agriculture needed to support the current 7.1 billion people on earth requires about 500,000 gallons of freshwater per acre and enormous amounts of fossil fuel for inputs such as fertilizer and machineryShow MoreRelatedChina s One Child Policy964 Words   |  4 PagesMao Zedong’s leadership, the Chinese government encouraged population growth, condemning contrac eptives and praising large families. This led to birthrates of over four children per couple. 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Sammy Essay Example For Students

Sammy Essay Sosa And Mark McGwireProbably the best season in baseball history has nearly come to an end. The homerun race was, for sure, the highlight of the 1998 season. The two front-runnersof this race were Sammy Sosa and Mark McGwire. In this essay I will comparetheir lives. I will tell about how different their childhoods were. I willexplain how differently the media treated each player during the season, and Iwill tell about each players accomplishments, and who I think should win theMVP award. Sammy Sosa grew up in the Dominican Republic. His family lived inpoverty. His father was a farmer, and passed away when Sammy was only 7 yearsold. Many people helped Sammys mother with food and clothing for he and his 5siblings, something Sammy would never forget. He helped his family by shiningshoes, and working as a janitor in a shoe factory. Mark McGwire grew up insuburban southern California, the son of a dentist, so money was never an issue. He had the support of his father throughout his entire career, unlike Sosa. Sosais probably much more grateful for his accomplishments than Mcgwire because hecame from such poverty. It was surprising how different the media treated bothof the players. It seemed their focus was on McGwire, with Sosa just a tag-alongin a fluke season. When Mark McGwire hit homer number 62, the game stopped, thered carpet rolled out, a podium set up, and a 30 minute ceremony ensued. Then afew days later, when Sammy hit number 62 to put his team ahead in the lateinnings of a very important game, play resumed like it was just another day atthe ol ballpark. Mark, after hitting his homerun, was congratulated by RogerMariss family (the man who set the record of 61 homeruns), the commissioner ofbaseball, and many other baseball greats. On the other hand, Sammy was contentwith a few insincere phone calls, and a pat on the back by his teammates. Theyeach accomplished the same feat. Why such a diverse acknowledg ment? At thecompletion of the 1998 regular season McGwire finished with 4 more homeruns thanSosa, but this was the only category that he led Sosa in. Sammy batted .308compared to Marks .299. Sosa drove in 158 runs, while McGwire drove in 147. Sosa finished with an astounding 198 hits, and McGwire managed only 152. Sammyscored 134 runs and Mark only 130. The numbers are very clear, that Sammy Sosais a much better all-around player, not to mention that he led his Chicago Cubsto their first postseason appearance in 9 years. Any person who thinks MarkMcGwire is a more valuable player than Sosa is completely unreasonable. MarkMcgwires and Sammy Sosas childhoods were tremendously different, but it seemsthe game of baseball has brought them together. If Sosa, clearly having betterstatistics than McGwire, does not win MVP, I will have to ask myself Wasit because he was black? I hope the sports writers will save us thecontroversy and vote for the Most Valuable Player; after all, that is what MVPstands for. Sports and Games

Technological Advancement and the Effect on the Ecosystem free essay sample

While technology can be a powerful force to improve our standard of living, it comes at a cost. New technological goods are often burdensome to the environment. This damage may come from acquiring the resources to produce new technology, or from toxic byproducts of technological production. It can consist of environmentally harmful waste produced by the technology itself, or the castoff remains of obsolete technology. Some categories of technology, such as electronics, require resources that are difficult to acquire without harming the environment. For example, the advanced batteries in hybrid cars are composed of nickel and rare-earth metals. Mining these materials is a significant source of harmful emissions, including solvent vapors, sulfuric acid, and coal dust. Acid-laden water discharges kill all plant and animal life around nearby waterways and have sickened and killed nearby rural residents.This mining largely takes place in China, which has admitted that it sells the rare-earths cheaply because it sacrifices environmental safety standards in the mining process. We will write a custom essay sample on Technological Advancement and the Effect on the Ecosystem or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Similar batteries exist in personal consumer electronics, hard drives, fuel cells, wind turbines, polishing powders and catalytic converters. Advances in farming technology have led to cheaper and more diverse food options, but technological advances that improve production, such as pesticides, herbicides and chemical fertilizers, can also harm the environment. Modern fertilizers increase yields, but they linger in the local environment, damaging soil and groundwater and creating dead zones in lakes and oceans. Pesticides may kill off the pests that affect current crops, but also kills beneficial insects and amphibians, and can build up a population of pesticide-resistant insects that will damage future yields. The use of technology can ease our lives, but it can also damage the environment. The most obvious example of technology usage producing harmful by-products is the greenhouse gases and other toxic emissions from transportation technology.Refrigeration technology produces hazardous gases that can damage the ozone layer and produce toxic liquid effluents that make their way into drainage ways and poison water animals . Even appliances like the clothes washer create microplastic-laden wastewater that winds up in the ocean, where it can be eaten by birds and sea animals. New advances in technology often render old technology useless. Discarding outdated or worn out technological goods is a significant source of environmental damage. For example, contemporary compact fluorescent light bulbs contain mercury, which is toxic to both humans and animals. Old thermometers also contained mercury, as do some batteries manufactured prior to the mid-1990s. Discarded vehicles left in place for long periods eventually leak toxic fluids into the ground, where they kill plants, animals and soil microbes. Rainfall can wash pollutants from the discarded technology into waterways, spreading poisons into natural systems and the human food supply.

Domesticated horses Essays

Domesticated horses Essays Domesticated horses Essay Domesticated horses Essay Handling, How have we changed wild horses into domesticated horses? Horses werent always controlled by people. They lived in their herds with no disruptions from humans. But since then we have changed wild horses into domesticated horses. Wild horses eat grass for up to 1 5hours a day and drink where and whenever they like but now domesticated horses only have up to 2 small meals per day which are full of lots of different vitamins and nutrients and will have water supplied to them in their stables for them to drink when they like. This is a good and bad thing. Horses in he wild dont get all the nutrients they might need or they might have trouble finding fresh grass such as when the grass dries in the summer, but domesticated horses will always have fresh food that is full of vitamins and nutrients to keep them as fit and healthy as possible and they have specific meals made to fit their needs, they dont have to find it every day too it will come too them. Horses in the wild could easily pick up diseases and illness and they would have no way to be treated. Domesticated horses will get treated for any type of illness. This is ood because in the wild they wouldnt get treatments for any illness which could then cause the horse to die, but if it was domesticated it could have been treated quickly and easily. Domesticated horses have rugs and shelter at all times of the day but wild horses dont, This is bad for the wild horses because they might not be able to stay warm in the winter or be able to find shelter when its cold but if the horse was domesticated then they would have warmth and shelter all year round and they wouldnt have to find it. In the wild horses would always be exercised and would be able to do it when they anted, but domesticated horses have planned exercise such as 20minutes of lunging or a riding lesson or being turned out in a field. This can be good and bad because while people are making sure they get enough exercise and stay healthy, they wouldnt have as much freedom as the wild horses. Domesticated horses would also get their stable cleaned everyday with a fresh bed put down, this isnt a worry for wild horses because they would have such big spaces it wouldnt get dirty. Domesticated horses have breeding programs which is when people pick two horses result in a breed dying out over time because not enough bred to make foals.

Action research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Action research - Essay Example This study aims at analyzing the pros and cons of action research. This will aid in understanding the benefits accrued by practitioners as well as shortfalls of action research. Action research is a process of practitioners checking their work to confirm if it is as good as they want. As action research is done by, the practitioner is often referred to practitioner-based research or even self reflecting practice as it entails checking the effectiveness of work done personally (Dick 440). Action 5research is not a replacement of quasi-experimental research but acts as a means of finding out results where other research paradigms may not be effective. This is due to the difference in the conditions inherent with different research conditions for the choice of a research paradigm to be utilized. Action research is mainly used for the analysis of an ongoing situation for example performance in a work environment. A choice of a research paradigm depends on it being able to meet the method ology and goals of the research. Action research, as a paradigm, was mainly used for the improvement of the teaching profession, which is the main reason for pros and cons of action research examples being centered on education. ... This is possible owing to the better understanding of the practices in the profession that will be effective in meeting the needs and inculcated by practitioners for the development of the culture. Action research also has an advantage of augmenting the practitioner’s problem solving abilities within and without their service delivery centers. For teachers, this is possible through an interactive process of the augmented process of the teachers to be analytical in the course of taking part in research. Action research aids teachers to be more reflective of the situation they are faced in and the ability of meeting the requirements of the students. Critical analysis of own teaching styles and methods is another requirement of action research. The consequence of incorporation of critical evaluation of teaching styles, analysis, and reflection results in the ability of the teachers to solve problems. Action research has the ability of sharpening reasoning abilities of the practit ioner and aids them in the development of measures of self monitoring to augment performance effectiveness. Through action research, teachers become more aware of their teaching practices, the difference between practice and beliefs, thoughts, feelings, and learning of their pupils. This allows them to tailor their teaching in a well reasoned and with high skill to meet the learning requirements of their pupils. Action research also aids in the ability of teachers to focus on student explanation and conceptions. This is brought about by the fact that action research involves collecting data on student’s understanding and thinking, making teachers understand the students better (Calhoun 33) The research base of practitioners augments with participation in action research. This is due

Deontological Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Deontological Ethics - Essay Example This project aims to shed more light on deontology and virtue ethics, which are some of the principles on which philosophy is founded. The term deontology is derived from two Greek words: Deon, which means duty and logos, meaning study. Contrary to aretaic theories that normally focus on the character and personality that is instilled within us, deontology is based on the deontic theories which normally guide and asses some of the decisions that we make in our day-to-day activities. In making such decisions; nevertheless, we are expected to take into consideration the aspects of the society that are morally required, morally forbidden and are morally permitted. Concisely, we can refer to deontology as the moral aspects of our life that guides some of the decisions that we make. Deontological theories can be classified into several categories, which range from agent-centred, patent-centred, contractarian, as well as deontological theories based on Kant. The agent-centred theories hold the belief that decisions should normally be made based on objective reasoning (Burnor and Raley 426). The patent centred theories, on the other hand, argue that decisions should normally be based on the rights of various people within the society. In as much as some aspects of these theories are different, they share the ideology that choices cannot always be justified by their effects. This is to imply that no matter the moral outcome of some decisions, they should not be carried out. Unlike consequentialism, which does not take into consideration some of the aspects of society, the deontological theories have largely been appreciated. It is because they provide those who are involved in the decision-making process to consider various aspects within the society including friends, family members as well as some of the projects that are being undertaken by the community. Similarly, scholars have often argued that the deontological theories are not too demanding. This is